How does each method address approaches to data gathering, data analysis, and the role of the researcher?

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Phenomenological Research Methods

Details:

The quest to understand the lived experience and the philosophical structures of experience and consciousness is the focus of a movement that began in the early years of the 20th Century. The movement is called phenomenology because the movement explores the lived experience of phenomena. Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger were two of the prominent philosophers who developed this method of inquiry though each took a significantly different philosophical approach to understanding human experience. In this assignment, you will discuss the psychology research methods that emerged from the philosophies of Husserl and Heidegger and the researchers who developed those methods.

General Requirements:

  • This assignment requires that at least three scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least two in-text citation from each source be included.

Directions:

Write a paper (1,250-1,500 words) in which you discuss both the phenomenological research methods in psychology that emerged from the philosophies of Husserl and Heidegger and the theorists/psychologists who developed those methods. Include the following in your paper:

  1. A discussion of at least two phenomenological research methods that emerged from the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl. What were the central tenets of each method? What is known about the theorists/psychologists who      developed each method?
  2. A discussion of at least two phenomenological research methods that emerged from the phenomenological philosophy of Heidegger. What were the central tenets of each method? What is known about the theorists/psychologists who developed each method?
  3. A contrast of the primary differences among the phenomenological research methods identified above. How does each method address approaches to data gathering, data analysis, and the role of the researcher?
  4. A research-based statement of and rationale for the method you believe allows the best understanding of human experience.

                                                                   Resources

1. The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice

Chapters 19 and 20.

http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/sage/2014/the-handbook-of-humanistic-psychology_theory-research-and-practice_ebook_2e.php

                                                      Electronic Resource

1. Phenomenology

View:
Flipp, C. (2014, February 12). Phenomenology [Video].

2. Qualitative Analysis of Interview Data: A Step-By-Step Guide

View:

Lofgren, K. (2013, May 19). Qualitative analysis of interview data: A step-by-step guide [Video].

                                                      e-Library Resource

1. A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated

Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 1-26.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=13359031&site=ehost-live&scope=site

2. The Interview: Data Collection in Descriptive Phenomenological Human Scientific Research

Read:

Englander, M. (2012). The interview: Data collection in descriptive phenomenological human scientific research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43(1), 13–35.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=75005147&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Other

1. Interview Data

Use this raw data to complete the “Applying Phenomenology” assignment.

Interview Data.docx DOCUMENT ATTACHED

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    PSY-804-RS-InterviewData.docx

What other ways might substance-abusing individuals display denial?

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Assignment 1: Discussion—Denial as a Defense Mechanismssignment 1: Discussion—Denial as a Defense Mechanism N

Assignment 1: Discussion—Denial as a Defense Mechanism

Denial is one of the most challenging defense mechanisms used by individuals with addictions. This term has been familiar to the substance abuse treatment nomenclature for many decades. It applies when a substance abuser denies the existence or severity of his or her problem. Treatment for clients in denial is typically challenging. In these cases, the focus of intervention is on helping the client acknowledge the problem. The only way treatment will be successful is if the client recognizes the existence or extent of the substance abuse.

The contemporary perspective is that denial occurs in the “pre-contemplative” stage of the change process (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). The denial of clients in this stage is not confronted as it was in older forms of treatment. It is viewed as a necessary beginning on the journey to sobriety. Addressing the denial requires encouraging the client to identify the ill effects as well as the perceived benefits of his or her substance abuse. The client in this stage will attempt to work toward finding internal motivation to change based on the insight gained about the effects of his or her use pattern.

Use the module readings and the Argosy University online library resources to research denial used as a defense mechanism.

Download and review the case study.

Respond to the following:

  • 1. How is the use of denial by the substance-abusing client evident in the case?
  • 2. What other ways might substance-abusing individuals display denial?
  • 3. What approaches could you use to work with the client in the case study?

Support your responses using your module readings and authoritative resources. Incorporate theory and factual information in your response.

Write your initial response in 2–3 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

 

***HINTS AND HELP***

Hi, class

***HINTS AND HELP******HINTS AND HELP***

As you look at the issue of “denial”, remember that what we are talking about is an initial refusal to believe or self-examine.  Traditional wisdom was that the pain wasn’t enough, the person had not “hit bottom” and so had no motivation to change — yet.  I like to think that we can positively influence clients with our questions that help them clarify what it is they want, and what they don’t want — and help them sort short-term and long-term needs and wants.

Answer this thread by answering the questions.  This should run about 150 words, roughly. (Longer is OK, shorter is not.)  Cite and reference.

why do you think a more concerted effort is not made in the media to make citizens aware of the association between substance abuse and child abuse?

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Assignment 2: Child Abuse in Homes of Substance Abusers

Research clearly indicates a connection between substance abuse and child maltreatment. Among confirmed cases of child maltreatment, 40 percent involve the use of alcohol or drugs. An estimated 480,000 children are mistreated each year by a caretaker who has alcohol or drug problems. Additionally, alcohol and drug problems are factors in a majority of cases of emotional abuse and neglect.

Answer the following:

  • Given these statistics, why do you think a more concerted effort is not made in the media to make citizens aware of the association between substance abuse and child abuse?
  • Choose one of the following audiences, and describe a plan to heighten awareness of this problem:
    • Grade and high school students
    • Parent or child organizations such as Girl Scouts or Boy Scouts
    • Welfare recipients
  • Include three action points for implementing this awareness plan nationwide to the chosen audience.  Be sure to specify:
    • Who will deliver the information?
    • How will the information be delivered?
    • What systems will be put in place for support if needed by participants?
  • Include one additional action point to address prevention strategies in the population chosen above.

Create a two- to three-page plan. Submit your plan as a Word document to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.

How are particular ethical, reliability, and validity issues being addressed?

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Final Paper

The final paper should demonstrate understanding of the reading assignments as well as the implications of new knowledge. The paper should be eight- to ten- pages. You may include explanation and examples from previous experiences as well as implications for future application.

Choose from one of the following measurement types:

  • Assessments of Cognitive Ability
  • Vocational Assessment
  • Assessment of Personality
  • Social Measurements

Using current research (at least six scholarly journal articles within the past 10 years), evaluate how the type of measurements selected are currently being used in the field of psychology. Provide at least 2-4 examples or case studies, describing the tests used and the rationale, purpose, and consequences of their usage. How are particular ethical, reliability, and validity issues being addressed? In what types of research areas or fields are these tests being applied? How are ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues being addressed in these studies? What are some of the statistical problems with measurement in these particular cases? How do these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, or form recommendations regarding individuals? What is predicted to be the future of this measurement type?

The Final Paper must:

  • Be eight to ten pages, double-spaced, and formatted according to APA style.
  • Include a cover page that includes:
    • The title of the paper
    • Student’s name
    • Course name and number
    • Instructor’s name
    • Date submitted
  • Include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement.
  • Address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
  • Conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph.
  • Use APA style to document all sources.
  • Include, on the final page, a Reference List that is completed according to APA style.

 

Assignment Rubric

 

Description: Week 6 final (summative assignment) for ORG 5100/PSY 5610.

Total Possible Score: 30.00

Using current research (at least six scholarly journal articles within the past 10 years), evaluate how the type of measurements selected are currently being used in the field of psychology.

Total: 4.00

Provides an extensive and comprehensive evaluation of how the selected type of measurement is currently being used in the field of psychology.

Provides a very clear and detailed evaluation of how the selected type of measurement is currently being used in the field of psychology.

Provides a clear and adequate evaluation of how of how the selected type of measurement is currently being used in the field of psychology.

Provides a minimal evaluation of how the selected type of measurement is currently being used in the field of psychology.

Provides an unclear and/or limited evaluation of how the selected type of measurement is currently being used in the field of psychology.

Provide at least 2-4 examples or case studies describing the tests used and the rationale, purpose, and consequences of their usage.

Total: 4.00

Provides a very clear and thorough description of the tests, their rationale, purpose, and consequences of usage.

Provides a clear description of the tests used and the rationale, purpose, and consequences of usage.

Provides a description of the tests used and the rationale, purpose, and consequences of usage.

Includes a minimal description of the tests used, the rationale, purpose, and consequences of their usage.

Lacks a description of the tests used and the rationale, purpose, and consequences of their usage.

Explains how particular ethical, reliability, and validity issues are being addressed.

Total: 3.00

Includes an exceptional explanation of how particular ethical, reliability, and validity issues are being addressed.

Includes a thorough explanation of how particular ethical, reliability, and validity issues are being addressed.

Includes a sufficient explanation of how particular ethical, reliability, and validity issues are being addressed.

Attempts to provide an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the test created, but does not sufficiently cover both question content and type.

Does not provide an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the test created, ignoring the importance of question content and type.

Describes the types of research areas or fields in which these tests are being applied.

Total: 2.00

Provides a clear and in-depth description of the types of research areas or fields in which these tests are being applied.

Provides a thorough description of the types of research areas or fields in which these tests are being applied.

Describes the types of research areas or fields in which these tests are being applied.

Provides a minimal description of the types of research areas or fields in which these tests are being applied.

Lacks a description of the types of research areas or fields in which these tests are being applied.

Explains how ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues are being addressed in these studies.

Total: 3.00

Contains an extremely thorough explanation of how ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues are being addressed in these studies.

Contains a thorough explanation of how ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues are being addressed in these studies.

Adequately explains how ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues are being addressed in these studies.

Contains a minimal explanation of how ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues are being addressed in these studies.

Fails to explain how ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and other demographic issues are being addressed in these studies.

Cites statistical problems with measurement; explains how these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, or form recommendations regarding individuals.

Total: 3.00

Cites all possible statistical measurement problems. Clearly, thoroughly, and logically explains how these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, or form recommendations regarding individuals.

Cites most statistical measurement problems. Clearly and logically explains how these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, or form recommendations regarding individuals.

Cites statistical measurement problems. Explains how these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, or form recommendations regarding individuals.

Cites a few statistical measurement problems. Minimally explains how these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, and/or form recommendations regarding individuals.

Fails to cite statistical measurement problems and explain how these measurements provide us with information needed to answer questions, make observations, address issues or concerns, or form recommendations regarding individuals.

Explains predictions for the future of this measurement type.

Total: 1.00

Contains an exceptional explanation of the predictions for the future of this measurement type.

Contains a thorough explanation of predictions for the future of this measurement type.

Explains the predictions for the future of this measurement type.

Contains a minimal explanation of predictions for the future of this measurement type.

Fails to include an explanation of predictions for the future of this measurement type.

Writing & Organization

Total: 3.00

This is an outstanding example of clear writing skills, including central theme, clear, logical, easy to follow structure, appropriate tone, good mechanics, and attention to APA style.

This is an above average example of clear writing skills, including central theme, clear, logical, easy to follow structure, appropriate tone, good mechanics, and attention to APA style.

This paper demonstrates expected writing skills, including central theme, clear, logical, easy to follow structure, appropriate tone, good mechanics, and attention to APA style.

This paper needs some work with regards to writing skills, including central theme, clear, logical, easy to follow structure, appropriate tone, good mechanics, and attention to APA style.

This paper needs additional work to improve the writing, including central theme, clear, logical, easy to follow structure, appropriate tone, good mechanics, and attention to APA style.

Research

Total: 4.00

This paper is an outstanding example of summarization and analysis of the research materials relevant to this assignment.

This paper is above average in its summarization and analysis of the research materials relevant to this assignment.

This paper presents a clear summary and analysis of the research materials relevant to the assignment.

This paper needs work to improve the summary and analysis of this research material relevant to this assignment.

This paper needs significant work to improve the summary and analysis of this research material relevant to this assignment.

Style

Total: 3.00

This paper follows all APA style guidelines.

This paper clearly follows most APA style guidelines.

This paper adequately meets APA style guidelines.

This paper does not adequately meet APA style guidelines.

There are multiple APA style changes needed in this paper.

Week 6 – Final PapeFinal PaperThe final paper should demonstrate understanding of the reading assignments as well as the implications of new knowledge. The paper should be eight- to ten- pages. You may include explanation and examples from previous experiences as well as implications for future application.

. What addictive behavior (not including substance use or gambling) would you lobby to include as a diagnostic classification?

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Assignment 2: Other Addictive Behaviors

In looking at the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, many clinicians and researchers believe that these criteria could be applied to behaviors outside of substance use to classify other addictive behaviors. To this end, gambling disorder was added as a diagnostic classification in the DSM-5. Imagine that you are on the next DSM revision committee. What addictive behavior (not including substance use or gambling) would you lobby to include as a diagnostic classification? Explain your reasoning for including this addictive behavior. Use your textbook and the Argosy University online library resources to support your position.

Explain how you would address the following to help the parents make an educated decision

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Assignment 2: Discussion—Evaluation-Related Issues: Aiden’s Case

Approaching the issue of whether a child might have an exceptionality can be sensitive. In addition to the emotional reaction of parents, it is important to consider legal and ethical obligations when determining whether to evaluate a child.

Review the following scenario:

Aiden Keller is a fourth grader. Since he enrolled in kindergarten, teachers have been concerned that Aiden seems to struggle more than the other children do, academically and behaviorally. Despite his teacher’s academic and behavioral interventions, Aiden continues to be easily frustrated, talks out of turn, and often refuses to work in class. In addition to falling behind academically, Aiden’s behavior is beginning to affect his relationships with peers.
Aiden’s parents were invited to attend a meeting with his teacher, school counselor, and assistant principal. The school professionals expressed their desire to make a referral for an evaluation to determine whether Aiden has a disability that requires special education support. Although the Kellers have known about Aiden’s problems and experience similar challenges at home, they are worried about their son being “labeled” and placed in special classes.
The Kellers’ concerns are valid and certainly not uncommon.

Using the module readings, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, research evaluation-related issues.

Then, imagine you are sitting with Aiden’s parents to discuss their concerns about evaluating their son. Incorporate what you learned in your readings and respond to the following:

  • Explain how you would address the following to help the parents make an educated decision by describing the following:
    • The benefits of evaluation
    • The long-term impact on their son of not performing the evaluation
    • The legal and ethical issues
  • If Aiden was your child, what would persuade you to allow the evaluation?

Write your initial response in 300–500 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

Is the wording of the questions leading or misleading?

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In 75 words each, analyze the results of your surveyed information. Include the following in your reflection:

1.Can any of the questions be misunderstood?  Why or why not?

2.Are the questions biased or slanted? Why or why not?

3.Is the wording of the questions leading or misleading? Why or why not?

4.Is the best response format used? Why or why not?

5.Were there questions about which someone may lie to appear more desirable?

6.Why are the questions worded the way they are? (Refer to the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale on page 111 of the textbook.)

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    PSY452-RS-FacebookSurvey.docx

How does mental imagery compare with perception?

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Question 11 / 1 point

Right now, the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye.  This representation on your retina is called

Question options:sensory memory.the template.the proximal stimulus.the distal stimulus.

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Question 20 / 1 point

According to the introduction of the chapter on imagery,

Question options:people often create mental images, but they seldom use these images in problem solving or other higher mental processes.students report that they use visual imagery and auditory imagery equally often.psychologists have conducted more research on visual imagery than any other kind of imagery.the first psychologists to pay attention to imagery were the radical behaviorists, in the late 1920s.

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Question 31 / 1 point

Suppose that you have a mental image of your favorite male actor.  If that image is stored in a propositional code, the representation would emphasize

Question options:spatial relationships, including information about angles and lines.a correspondence between the mental imagery and perceptual imagery.a language-like description.spatial relationships for the actor’s general shape, but a language-like description for the details of his face.

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Question 40 / 1 point

Which of the following statements about object recognition is correct?

Question options:Visual information is first processed in the primary visual cortex, but it is eventually stored in the retina.Only the primary visual cortex is active during object recognition.The primary visual cortex is responsible for identifying complex objects; in contrast, other portions of the brain identify lines and simple shapes.Regions of the cortex beyond the primary visual cortex are active when we identify complex objects.

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Question 51 / 1 point

What is perception?

Question options:Perception is the immediate registration of information by the sensory receptors.Perception uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses.Perception involves only unprocessed sensory information.Perception requires complex problem solving.

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Question 60 / 1 point

How does mental imagery compare with perception?

Question options:Perception relies exclusively on bottom-up processing.Perception relies exclusively on top-down processing.Mental imagery relies exclusively on bottom-up processing.Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing.

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Question 71 / 1 point

A person with prosopagnosia would be likely to

Question options:perform better than other people on a change-blindness test.have difficulty recognizing fruits and vegetables.fail to recognize letters of the alphabet.have trouble recognizing faces.

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Question 80 / 1 point

This unit’s reading discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities.  Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

Question options:verbal abilitiesmathematics abilitiesspatial abilities such as locating hidden figures in a drawingspatial abilities such as mental rotation

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Question 90 / 1 point

If you are reading a sentence on an examination.  The actual stimulus (the words on the piece of paper) is called

Question options:the distal stimulus.the proximal stimulus.the geon.the template.

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Question 100 / 1 point

Imagine that you are looking at a geometric drawing. At first, one shape in this drawing seems to be in front of other shapes. The next moment, this same shape seems to be located behind a second shape. This phenomenon is called:

Question options:depth perception.an illusory contour.an ambiguous figure-ground relationship.holistic recognition.

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Question 111 / 1 point

Which of the following is the best example of a geon?

Question options:a template for the letter K, as it is stored in memorya straight, vertical, 2-dimensional linea 3-dimensional cylinderthe comparison process used to differentiate a template from a distinctive feature

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Question 120 / 1 point

When a study has high ecological validity,

Question options:people tend to receive similar scores on two different versions of a relevant test.people typically make more errors than if the test is low in ecological validity.at least two researchers recorded the answers supplied by the participants.the setting for the study is similar to a setting found in the real world.

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Question 130 / 1 point

The identification of a complex arrangement of visual stimuli is known as

Question options:sensation.recognition by components.object recognition.connectionism.

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Question 140 / 1 point

According to the discussion of the history of research on mental imagery,

Question options:the early behaviorists rejected research about mental imagery, but they began to conduct imagery research during the early 1950s.the topic of mental imagery has consistently been more popular in the United States than in Europe.the popularity of mental imagery increased as cognitive psychology became more influential.surprisingly, theorists and researchers did not mention mental imagery until about 1930.

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Question 151 / 1 point

Suppose that a psychologist loans you an art book and says that the book includes some interesting ambiguous figure-ground pictures.  You should expect to see

Question options:a random arrangement of black-and-white figures.a photo of real-life figures, rather than black-and-white shapes.a picture in which a specific region is the central figure one moment, but this region becomes the background the next moment.a photo of real-life figures and black-and-white shapes.

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Question 160 / 1 point

You recognize the letter n more quickly in the word pattern than when it appears by itself.  This is an example of

Question options:top-down processing.bottom-up processing.a template for the letter n.a recognition module.

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Question 170 / 1 point

In object recognition, an important problem with the feature-analysis approach is that

Question options:it can only explain how we perceive large objects.it can only explain colored objects.there is no neuroscience evidence for this approach.it cannot explain how we perceive an object from different viewpoints.

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Question 181 / 1 point

Bottom-up processing

Question options:is the most widely accepted explanation for illusory contours.describes the influence of expectations upon object recognition.emphasizes the importance of sensory stimuli in object recognition.explains why we are able to recognize words more easily when they appear in sentences, rather than alone.

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Question 191 / 1 point

An analog code means that

Question options:a representation is very similar to the physical object.we store information in terms of abstract descriptions.we construct a representation from a verbal description.the image is permanently stored in working memory.

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Question 200 / 1 point

Those who argue that we store mental-imagery information in terms of propositions would claim that

Question options:storage is most like vision.storage is most like an abstract spatial representation.storage is most like language.representation closely resembles the physical object.

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Do you believe that you are financially stable to raise your son in a healthy environment?

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Running head: PARENT QUESTIONAIRE 1

PARENT QUESTIONNAIRE 2

Hello , The submission was expected to be summarized, not just questions and answers. Please resubmit. From the syllabus: The expectation is that the interview will be summarized and there will be information in the summary related to information presented in the textbook, e.g., Sarah plans to breastfeed. Broderick & Blewitt (2014) state that breast feeding is important for…. Length of interview summaries should be 5 pages long.

Early Childhood Interview

Charlotte Wilkins

June 14, 2018

Parent Questionnaire

A. EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT

Comment on the health of the mother during pregnancy. The health of a mother during pregnancy is usually very delicate and therefore needs a lot of attention. For instance, she cannot use most of medications used by other people including deworming.

Comment on the health of your child during delivery and infancy. My child was healthy during delivery. But afterwards she felt sick on frequently. What is his/her sex? Male. What is your religion? Christianity.

When did your child walk? When he was 1-year-old.

Was that okay with you? Yes.

When did your child talk? At 1.5-year-old.

Is your child adopted? No. Does he/she know it? Yes

Does your child have bladder control? Yes. Child’s terminology Healthy.

Does your child have bowel control? Yes. Child’s terminology. Healthy

Does your child need help when going to the bathroom? Yes. How does that make you feel? I am just okay with that. I believe he will improve in future.

Does your child need reminding about going to the bathroom? No.

Does your child usually take a nap? Yes. At what time? 2 P.M.

Does your child have any difficulty saying what he/she wants, or do you have any trouble understanding his/her speech? No.

B. EATING HABITS

What is your child’s general attitude towards eating? He only eats when he is hungry.

What foods does your child especially like?

For which meal is your child most hungry? Wheat Toast. Is that okay with you? No but I also give him other foods.

Does your child dislike any food in particular? No

Is your child on a special diet? No

Does your child eat or chew things that are not food? Yes. Explain he sometimes chew his clothe.

C. PLAY AND SOCIAL EXPERIENCE

Has your child participated in any group experiences? Yes. If so, where? At my friend’s place.

Did your child enjoy it? Yes. Does your child relate to other children? Yes.

Does your child prefer to play alone? No, with other children? Yes.

Does your child worry a lot or is he/she very afraid of anything? Yes

What causes worry or fear? Most insects.

Does your child have any pets? Yes.

What are your child’s favorite toys, books, and activities? Car

What is your child’s favorite TV program? Harry the Bunny. Are you okay with the program? Yes.

How long does your child watch TV each day? 3 hours. Do you plan to adjust it? Yes, but not any soon.

How many times a week is your child read to? Four

D. DISCIPLINE/ PARENT’S IMPRESSIONS

In most circumstances, do you consider your child easily managed, easy to manage, or difficult to manage? Fairly easy to manage

What concerns do you presently have about your child? He is too playful. How does that make you feel? I believe too much of something is poisonous, so I want him to minimize it.

How are these concerns dealt with? Asking to watch TV.

How would you describe your child now? My child is currently healthy and forging on well

Does your child have any behavior characteristics which you hope will change? Yes

In what ways would you like to see your child develop during the school year? Avoid being too playful.

E. STUDENT’S QUESTION

Based on his current habit, which talent have you identified in your child? I believe my child will be pro in sports. Do you believe that you are financially stable to raise your son in a healthy environment? Yes.

Reaction

I have learned multiple things from this interview. Firstly, pregnant mothers are usually healthy-wise and so require a lot of care. Two, children like adults can work/play in groups. Three, children too have their favorite meals. Four, just like adults, children also can identify their favorite TV program (Gutnick et al., 2011). What surprised me the most is that children usually fall sick frequently in their infancy. I wonder how parents manage to sense the change in their health conditions, given that toddlers cry although regardless of whether they are sick.

During the interview, I empathized with the mother when she said that her health condition was very delicate during her entire pregnancy and when she said that her son felt the same during his infancy (Koren et al., 2012). However, I liked it when she said she sees her son as a sports’ pro in future. That was so motivational for me. In general, the mother was very corporative, and I love that.

Before this interview, I used to think that all toddlers have to be reminded to go to the bathroom. But now, I know some can know when they want to relieve themselves and notify their parents or guardians. Also, before this interview, I used to think that toddlers do not have their favorite meal (i.e., they love anything sweet). But now I know that kids’ too have their favorite meal, including “non-sweety” foods (Dias et al., 2011).

References

Dias, M., & Agante, L. (2011). Can advergames boost children’s healthier eating habits? A comparison between healthy and non‐healthy food. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10(3), 152-160.

Gutnick, A. L., Robb, M., Takeuchi, L., & Kotler, J. (2011). Always connected: The new digital media habits of young children. In New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop.

Koren, O., Goodrich, J. K., Cullender, T. C., Spor, A., Laitinen, K., Bäckhed, H. K., … & Bäckhed, F. (2012). Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell, 150(3), 470-480.